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This paper explores questions related to trust in government and citizen engagement based on a literature review and consultations with experts and World Bank practitioners. The authors unpack the understanding of what trust is by shedding light on different types of trust and their measurements, explore the relationship between trust and citizen engagement, briefly discuss what governments can do to improve their citizens' trust in institutions, and conclude with areas for further exploration. This paper suggests trust in government and citizen engagement form a mutually reinforcing, interdependent dynamic in policy formation that is affected by common attributes and affect development outcomes and effectiveness. It is one in a series of four notes from the Governance Global Practice on citizen engagement in the areas of fragile, conflict, and violence situations, open government, trust, and emerging technology.

Public financial management (PFM) is fundamental for effective resource management and the backbone for effective and efficient public service delivery. Citizen engagement (CE) in the PFM cycle contributes to achieving better development outcomes by mobilizing citizens in the PFM process, supporting more inclusive budget processes, and establishing pro-poor fiscal policies. Based on a desk review, this note is intended to provide a menu of CE entry points in the PFM cycle and serve as a reference guide to support World Bank task teams. It indicates that CE in PFM needs to move beyond transparency to achieve development objectives; budget literacy for inclusive CE is critical for both government and citizens; and two polarized types of engagement in PFM — engagement with the general public and engagement with small, selected, and specialized groups for in-depth feedback — are complementary to each other in achieving effective budget outcomes.

This paper summarizes the World Bank's knowledge on open, participatory, and responsive governance. It offers a rethinking and broadening of the term "open government" in light of the World Bank Group's Strategic Framework for Mainstreaming Citizen Engagement in World Bank Group Operations and World Development Report 2017: Governance and the Law. The building blocks of open government are documented based on experience and growing trends. The paper also tries to identify new frontiers and presents a summary of action steps for advancing the open, participatory, and responsive governance agenda within the World Bank.

This note provides guidance on how to use social accountability (SA) approaches in oil, gas, and mining projects, with particular emphasis on World Bank projects in the extractive industry (EI) sectors. It highlights some consequences of poor transparency and accountability in EI sectors and identifies opportunities for addressing these issues. It demonstrates how the use of SA approaches and tools can improve the implementation and outcomes of EI projects. Although the note is written primarily for a World Bank/International Finance Corporation (IFC) audience and project cycle, it is hoped that it will be a resource for government, industry, and civil society partners as well.